When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps:
1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the evolution unit page. 2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it. 3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it.Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR 4) Scroll to the very bottom and in the Optional comment box, place a summary of what you did and sign it (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) Then click Save.
For Evidence for Evolution
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For Ch22 Guided Reading
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Evidence For Evolution
Create on this page a visual representation of your topic. Use definitions, videos, animations, interviews, anything on the web, etc. . that will CORRECTLY convey your evidence for evolution!
1. Darwin's Finches When Darwin went on the HMS Beagle he stopped at the Galapagos Islands. Here he saw how geographic isolation caused finches to evolve based on their geographic location. Each geographic location had different species of food for the birds, and so their beaks and behaviors are adapted to the specific foods available on their home islands. Birds that had to eat seeds off the ground began to develop powerful, thick beaks to crack the seeds. The cone-eating species uses its bill to pull apart cone scales and lifts them out with their tongue. The grub-eating species has a longer beak in order to search into flowers and eat the insects. The mixed-diet species forages on the ground using its average sized beak. These differences show that animals evolve based on what features best suit them for their environment.
2. Variation Variation is defined as the differences between members of the same species
There are three main types of genetic variation: Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of many mutations. Gene flow is any movement of genes from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation. It is extensive enough that it can join together close-by populations intro a single population with a common gene pool. Sex can introduce new gene combinations into a population. This genetic shuffling is another important source of genetic variation.
3. Over production and competition
Over production occurs when there are too many of one species in an environment. This causes a competition for food, water, and shelter. This competition allows for natural selection to occur by only allowing the “fittest” to survive. The organisms that have the most suitable traits will reproduce and spread their genes on to the next generation.
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple team
4. Survival of the fittest Individuals that are best equipped to survive and reproduce pass on the highest frequency of genes to the descendant populations. Fitness denotes an individual’s ability to pass on his genes to successes generations. In other words, the species best suited for their environments passed on their “good” genes and over times species changed depending on which individuals were the fittest. If an individual cannot, whether because of lack of speed or camouflage, escape its predator, then it was not best suited for its environment and will not pass on its genes.
Survival of the fittest was inspired by natural selection, it is basically the same. When an organism evolves and develops new characteristics that help it adapt to its environment, it then passes those better characteristics on to it offspring. The organisms that do not develop those new characteristics die off and the organisms with the better, stronger traits survive and reproduce. – Jackie H
5. Fossils The fossil record shows a detailed transition between species. It can also show the progression of new physical features into the tree of life. The fossil record can also show a detailed timeline of the evolution on earth. Many species can be seen changing over time. This includes almost all vertebrate like whales and birds but also includes invertebrate like trees and sponges.
6. Analogous Structures Analogous Structures are structures that are look and act very similar to one another. But they evolved separately to perform a similar function. For an example, wings on insects and wings on bats have different ancestral origins but both of their wings are made to fly.
7. Homologuous Structures
Homologies are the similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry. Homologous structures are the anatomical signs of evolution such as vestigial organs and anatomical similarities between species. The forelimbs of many mammals are, anatomically, very similar even though their purposes are very different. Also many animals have organs (appendix in humans) that have minimal to no effect on the animal because it is simply reminisce of the animals ancestors. 8. Vestigial Organs Vestigial Organs are organs or structures that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution. For example, the human appendix is a vestigial organ because the appendix has lost all of its original function through evolution. 9. Comparative Embryology Comparative Embryology is the branch of embryology that deals with the similarities and differences in the development of animals or plants of different orders.
10. Molecular Biology
11. Artificial Selection Artificial selection is the intentional breeding of certain organisms to produce the desired traits/characteristics. This can lead to different species being created, while others die off. For example, farmers often interbreed multiple populations of one crop to produce that crop with the characteristics that they want.
12. Natural Selection Natural selection is the the result of “survival of the fittest.” “Fittest” actually has little to do with physical or mental fitness and completely to do with fitting into an environment. Organisms that are more “fit” survive, reproduce, and perpetuate the genes that made them survive in the first place. Those organisms that are not “fit” die, along with the traits that were no help to them.
13. Biogeography -Biogeography is the study of the past and present distribution of species. Darwin made observations of this geographic distribution of species in the Galapagos islands, during his trip on the Beagle. Closely related species tend to be found in the same geographic region, but the same environments in distant regions are usually occupied by very different species. This could be the result of a species being separated and then developing to their environments in new areas.
Guided Reading Chapter 22 Darwin
1.What were the two major points of Darwin’s publication “The Origin of Species”? The two major points of Darwin’s “The Origin of Species” was that he presented evidence that many species of organisms presently inhabiting the earth are dependents of ancestral species that were different from modern species. And secondly is that Darwin proposed the mechanism of natural selection as the bases of evolution. -- Brian N
2.Define the following
Natural selection
It’s differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interactions of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when this causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool.
Evolutionary adaptation
An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.
Evolution
All the changes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that is concerned with the naming and classification of organisms.
--Brain N
3.Detail the impact/position/contribution to evolutionary theory and include a perspective of time in the following:
a.Aristotle He believed that life-forms are arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity, each perfect and permanent. He also classified organisms not by physical and molecular similarity, but rather by order of increasing complexity. (scala naturae: “scale of nature”.)
b.Linnaeus founder of taxonomy. He developed the binary system of classification. He grouped similar species into general category.
c.Cuvier (1769-1832) A developer of paleontology, noted that the deeper the strata, the more dissimilar the fossils are from current life. He also observed that some species would be present on one level but not in the next, therefore concluding that extinctions were a common occurrence. He was an advocator of catastrophism, which correlates to how each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe. Also, he noticed that from one stratum to the next some new species appear while others disappeared showing that extinctions and new branches were created.
d.Lyell created the theory of uniformitarianism. He proposed that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate.
e.Lamarck explained evolution that animals acquired their evolution by the theory of use and disuse. The idea was that body parts that the body used more extensively became stronger while the others did not, and that was passed down to the children.
f.Malthus wrote the “Essay on the principle of population.” Talked about humans must contend with suffering from disease, famine and war because of the inevitable fact that the human population’s potential to increase faster than food and other resources is very high
g.Hutton proposed that earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms currently operating such as the rivers wearing through rocks
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple Team
4.How does catastrophism relate to the ideas of gradualism? They are opposites of each other. Catastrophism explains that the areas between strata show a devastating event which caused the extinction of animals in that area, then animals from surrounding areas populated it. Gradualism attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous change
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple Team
5.How did the Voyage of the Beagle impact Darwin’s research? Darwin was able to go on to the shore of South America. He was able to observe the various adaptations of plants and animals that inhabited diverse environments. Also, after experiencing an earthquake in Chile he saw the earth raise a couple of feet finding fossils high in the Andes Mountains. His stop at the Galapagos Islands he could see the effects of geographic isolation on finches.
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple Team
6.How did Alfred Wallace impact Darwin in his work? Wallace had the same theory as Darwin and had contacted Darwin to take a look at it. Darwin realized that he would not get credit for his theory if he didn’t publish his work soon. Wallace realized that Darwin was the originator of the theory and let Darwin have credit for it. Adam A, Mario C, Martin A - Green
Origin of species
7.What part did adaptation play in Darwin’s thinking?
He believed that whatever trait was most efficient in the success and reproduction of life for a species, that species would adapt to acquire that trait. Adaptation is key to natural selection because due to their environment some organisms must adapt to fit that habitat- Adam A, Mario C, Martin A-Green Group
8.What did Darwin mean by descent with modification?
Evolution only occurs when there is a change in gene frequency within a population over time. As long as species keep reproducing they will constantly modify and change to adapt to their environment. These genetic differences are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation--which is what Darwin meant by descent with modification. (Except that Darwin spoke of traits, not genes)
9.What did Mayr take from Darwin’s work – summarize the observations and inferences.
1. Species and populations are always growing if allrreproduce.
2.
10.How did the concept of artificial selection impact Darwin’s ideas? The concept allowed Darwin to reason that if artificial selection can achieve so much change in a short period of time, then natural selection should be capable of considerable modification of species over hundreds to thousands of generations. Artificial selection put Darwin’s natural selection into a shorter time frame. Humans had the ability to use artificial selection to create different species of dogs from the original, the wild dog. Each would have its own purpose, some for hunting, some for herding, and some even for just companionship, but whatever the purpose of the dog, breeders could choose the dogs which are best for the job that they wanted. Natural selection is occurring with the help of the human.
11.What three word phrase summarizes Darwin’s mechanism of evolution?
12.Explain the evolution of Drug Resistance in bacteria in terms of natural selection. Scientists have manipulated harmless bacteria, fungi and synthetic compounds to destroy harmful, bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the treatments are only effective for a limited time. For the most part, the infectious bacteria are eliminated. However, some bacteria that are invulnerable to the treatment survive, and eventually reproduce. The offspring of the surviving bacteria all have the same trait as their parents that helped them survive. This entire new generation is now resistant to the antibiotic.
13.Define the following terms:
a.Homologous structures
b.Vestigial structures
c.Analogous structures
14.What is biogeography and why is it important to the study of evolution? Biogeography is the geographic distribution of species. It is important to the study of evolution because it shows that closely related species are found in the same area but species with similar ecological niches are found with extremely different (sometimes a little similar) species. Most species studied on islands prove to be unique whcih proves that animals could have been separated and then developed to suit their environment. –Jackie H.
15.How do the fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence to evolution?
The fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence to evolution because the under levels of fossils are very dissimilar to the upper levels of fossils. This shows that over time species have adapted and evolved. The different species remains and fossils can be found in the different strata of rocks and show that as some species appeared, others disappeared. This proved that there was enough time for the evolution to take place. --Jackie H
When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps:
1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the evolution unit page.
2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it.
3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it. Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR
4) Scroll to the very bottom and in the Optional comment box, place a summary of what you did and sign it (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) Then click Save.
For Evidence for Evolution
For Ch22 Guided Reading
Evidence For Evolution
Create on this page a visual representation of your topic. Use definitions, videos, animations, interviews, anything on the web, etc. . that will CORRECTLY convey your evidence for evolution!
1. Darwin's Finches
When Darwin went on the HMS Beagle he stopped at the Galapagos Islands. Here he saw how geographic isolation caused finches to evolve based on their geographic location. Each geographic location had different species of food for the birds, and so their beaks and behaviors are adapted to the specific foods available on their home islands. Birds that had to eat seeds off the ground began to develop powerful, thick beaks to crack the seeds. The cone-eating species uses its bill to pull apart cone scales and lifts them out with their tongue. The grub-eating species has a longer beak in order to search into flowers and eat the insects. The mixed-diet species forages on the ground using its average sized beak. These differences show that animals evolve based on what features best suit them for their environment.
2. Variation
Variation is defined as the differences between members of the same species
There are three main types of genetic variation:
Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of many mutations.
Gene flow is any movement of genes from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation. It is extensive enough that it can join together close-by populations intro a single population with a common gene pool.
Sex can introduce new gene combinations into a population. This genetic shuffling is another important source of genetic variation.
3. Over production and competition
Over production occurs when there are too many of one species in an environment. This causes a competition for food, water, and shelter. This competition allows for natural selection to occur by only allowing the “fittest” to survive. The organisms that have the most suitable traits will reproduce and spread their genes on to the next generation.
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple team
4. Survival of the fittest
Individuals that are best equipped to survive and reproduce pass on the highest frequency of genes to the descendant populations. Fitness denotes an individual’s ability to pass on his genes to successes generations. In other words, the species best suited for their environments passed on their “good” genes and over times species changed depending on which individuals were the fittest.
If an individual cannot, whether because of lack of speed or camouflage, escape its predator, then it was not best suited for its environment and will not pass on its genes.
Survival of the fittest was inspired by natural selection, it is basically the same. When an organism evolves and develops new characteristics that help it adapt to its environment, it then passes those better characteristics on to it offspring. The organisms that do not develop those new characteristics die off and the organisms with the better, stronger traits survive and reproduce. – Jackie H
5. Fossils
The fossil record shows a detailed transition between species. It can also show the progression of new physical features into the tree of life. The fossil record can also show a detailed timeline of the evolution on earth. Many species can be seen changing over time. This includes almost all vertebrate like whales and birds but also includes invertebrate like trees and sponges.
6. Analogous Structures
Analogous Structures are structures that are look and act very similar to one another. But they evolved separately to perform a similar function. For an example, wings on insects and wings on bats have different ancestral origins but both of their wings are made to fly.
7. Homologuous Structures
Homologies are the similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry. Homologous structures are the anatomical signs of evolution such as vestigial organs and anatomical similarities between species. The forelimbs of many mammals are, anatomically, very similar even though their purposes are very different. Also many animals have organs (appendix in humans) that have minimal to no effect on the animal because it is simply reminisce of the animals ancestors.
8. Vestigial Organs
Vestigial Organs are organs or structures that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution. For example, the human appendix is a vestigial organ because the appendix has lost all of its original function through evolution.
9. Comparative Embryology
Comparative Embryology is the branch of embryology that deals with the similarities and differences in the development of animals or plants of different orders.
10. Molecular Biology
11. Artificial Selection
Artificial selection is the intentional breeding of certain organisms to produce the desired traits/characteristics. This can lead to different species being created, while others die off. For example, farmers often interbreed multiple populations of one crop to produce that crop with the characteristics that they want.
12. Natural Selection
Natural selection is the the result of “survival of the fittest.” “Fittest” actually has little to do with physical or mental fitness and completely to do with fitting into an environment. Organisms that are more “fit” survive, reproduce, and perpetuate the genes that made them survive in the first place. Those organisms that are not “fit” die, along with the traits that were no help to them.
13. Biogeography
-Biogeography is the study of the past and present distribution of species. Darwin made observations of this geographic distribution of species in the Galapagos islands, during his trip on the Beagle. Closely related species tend to be found in the same geographic region, but the same environments in distant regions are usually occupied by very different species. This could be the result of a species being separated and then developing to their environments in new areas.
Guided Reading Chapter 22 Darwin
1. What were the two major points of Darwin’s publication “The Origin of Species”?
The two major points of Darwin’s “The Origin of Species” was that he presented evidence that many species of organisms presently inhabiting the earth are dependents of ancestral species that were different from modern species. And secondly is that Darwin proposed the mechanism of natural selection as the bases of evolution.
-- Brian N
2. Define the following
Natural selection
It’s differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interactions of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when this causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool.
Evolutionary adaptation
An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.
Evolution
All the changes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that is concerned with the naming and classification of organisms.
--Brain N
3. Detail the impact/position/contribution to evolutionary theory and include a perspective of time in the following:
a. Aristotle
He believed that life-forms are arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity, each perfect and permanent. He also classified organisms not by physical and molecular similarity, but rather by order of increasing complexity. (scala naturae: “scale of nature”.)
b. Linnaeus
founder of taxonomy. He developed the binary system of classification. He grouped similar species into general category.
c. Cuvier
(1769-1832) A developer of paleontology, noted that the deeper the strata, the more dissimilar the fossils are from current life. He also observed that some species would be present on one level but not in the next, therefore concluding that extinctions were a common occurrence. He was an advocator of catastrophism, which correlates to how each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe. Also, he noticed that from one stratum to the next some new species appear while others disappeared showing that extinctions and new branches were created.
d. Lyell
created the theory of uniformitarianism. He proposed that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate.
e. Lamarck
explained evolution that animals acquired their evolution by the theory of use and disuse. The idea was that body parts that the body used more extensively became stronger while the others did not, and that was passed down to the children.
f. Malthus
wrote the “Essay on the principle of population.” Talked about humans must contend with suffering from disease, famine and war because of the inevitable fact that the human population’s potential to increase faster than food and other resources is very high
g. Hutton
proposed that earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms currently operating such as the rivers wearing through rocks
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple Team
4. How does catastrophism relate to the ideas of gradualism?
They are opposites of each other. Catastrophism explains that the areas between strata show a devastating event which caused the extinction of animals in that area, then animals from surrounding areas populated it. Gradualism attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous change
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple Team
5. How did the Voyage of the Beagle impact Darwin’s research?
Darwin was able to go on to the shore of South America. He was able to observe the various adaptations of plants and animals that inhabited diverse environments. Also, after experiencing an earthquake in Chile he saw the earth raise a couple of feet finding fossils high in the Andes Mountains. His stop at the Galapagos Islands he could see the effects of geographic isolation on finches.
Zack B. and Laura C. Purple Team
6. How did Alfred Wallace impact Darwin in his work?
Wallace had the same theory as Darwin and had contacted Darwin to take a look at it. Darwin realized that he would not get credit for his theory if he didn’t publish his work soon. Wallace realized that Darwin was the originator of the theory and let Darwin have credit for it.
Adam A, Mario C, Martin A - Green
7. What part did adaptation play in Darwin’s thinking?
He believed that whatever trait was most efficient in the success and reproduction of life for a species, that species would adapt to acquire that trait. Adaptation is key to natural selection because due to their environment some organisms must adapt to fit that habitat- Adam A, Mario C, Martin A-Green Group
8. What did Darwin mean by descent with modification?
Evolution only occurs when there is a change in gene frequency within a population over time. As long as species keep reproducing they will constantly modify and change to adapt to their environment. These genetic differences are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation--which is what Darwin meant by descent with modification. (Except that Darwin spoke of traits, not genes)
9. What did Mayr take from Darwin’s work – summarize the observations and inferences.
1. Species and populations are always growing if allrreproduce.
2.
10. How did the concept of artificial selection impact Darwin’s ideas?
The concept allowed Darwin to reason that if artificial selection can achieve so much change in a short period of time, then natural selection should be capable of considerable modification of species over hundreds to thousands of generations. Artificial selection put Darwin’s natural selection into a shorter time frame.
Humans had the ability to use artificial selection to create different species of dogs from the original, the wild dog. Each would have its own purpose, some for hunting, some for herding, and some even for just companionship, but whatever the purpose of the dog, breeders could choose the dogs which are best for the job that they wanted. Natural selection is occurring with the help of the human.
11. What three word phrase summarizes Darwin’s mechanism of evolution?
12. Explain the evolution of Drug Resistance in bacteria in terms of natural selection.
Scientists have manipulated harmless bacteria, fungi and synthetic compounds to destroy harmful, bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the treatments are only effective for a limited time. For the most part, the infectious bacteria are eliminated. However, some bacteria that are invulnerable to the treatment survive, and eventually reproduce. The offspring of the surviving bacteria all have the same trait as their parents that helped them survive. This entire new generation is now resistant to the antibiotic.
13. Define the following terms:
a. Homologous structures
b. Vestigial structures
c. Analogous structures
14. What is biogeography and why is it important to the study of evolution?
Biogeography is the geographic distribution of species. It is important to the study of evolution because it shows that closely related species are found in the same area but species with similar ecological niches are found with extremely different (sometimes a little similar) species. Most species studied on islands prove to be unique whcih proves that animals could have been separated and then developed to suit their environment. –Jackie H.
15. How do the fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence to evolution?
The fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence to evolution because the under levels of fossils are very dissimilar to the upper levels of fossils. This shows that over time species have adapted and evolved. The different species remains and fossils can be found in the different strata of rocks and show that as some species appeared, others disappeared. This proved that there was enough time for the evolution to take place. --Jackie H